Shock—The Domino Effect

Any serious injury or illness will trigger a series of responses in the body that act like a chain of falling dominoes. This condition is known as shock. Shock is the body's natural attempt to keep oxygen-rich blood flowing to the most important organs, such as the brain, heart and lungs. Without oxygen, these organs will fail to function properly. When the body is unable to meet its demands for blood, shock occurs.

When someone suddenly becomes ill or is seriously injured—such as an injury involving severe bleeding—shock is likely to develop. Signals of shock include:

• Restlessness or irritability;
• Altered consciousness;
• Nausea;
• Pale or ashen, cool, moist skin;
• Rapid breathing; and
• Rapid pulse.

Caring for shock involves the following simple steps:

• Have the victim lie down. This is often the most comfortable position. Helping the victim rest comfortably is important because pain can intensify the body's stress and accelerate the progression of shock. Helping the victim rest in a more comfortable position may minimize any pain.
• Call 9-1-1 or the local emergency number immediately. Shock cannot be managed effectively by first aid alone. A victim of shock requires emergency medical care as soon as possible.
• Control any external bleeding.
• Elevate the legs about 12 inches unless you suspect head, neck or back injuries or possible broken bones involving the hips or legs. If you are unsure of the victim's condition, leave him or her lying flat.
• Help the victim maintain normal body temperature. If the victim is cool, try to cover him or her to avoid chilling.
• Do not give the victim anything to eat or drink, even though he or she is likely to be thirsty.
• Reassure the victim.