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  • Frostbite

    What is Frostbite?

    Frostbite is an injury caused by freezing of the skin and underlying tissues as a result of prolonged exposure to freezing or subfreezing temperatures. Frostbite can cause the loss of fingers, hands, arms, toes, feet and legs.

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    Emergency Steps

    1

    Check the scene safety, form an initial impression, obtain consent and put on PPE, as appropriate.

    2

    Check for signs and symptoms.

    • Blisters*
    • Black Skin*
    • Signs of hypothermia*
    • Numbness
    • Skin cold to the touch
    • Waxy appearance
    • White, yellow, blue or red skin

    *Note: Signs and symptoms with a * require immediate emergency medical treatment.

    3

    Call 9-1-1 and get equipment if the person requires immediate emergency medical treatment.

    4

    Give Care.

    General Care: Frostbite

    To care for frostbite:

    • Remove wet clothing and jewelry (if possible) from the affected area.
    • Immerse the body part in clean, lukewarm water until normal color and warmth returns. The water temperature should not be more than 99°F to 104°F (37°C to 40°C).
    • If water immersion is not possible, thaw the frozen tissue spontaneously in warm room air or next to the person’s own warm skin.
    • If frostbite has caused blisters, do not break them.
    • After rewarming, loosely bandage the area with dry, sterile bandage. If the fingers or toes were affected, place cotton or gauze between them before bandaging the area.
    • Monitor the person’s condition, and care for shock if needed.

    Frostbite FAQs

    What temperature should the water be for rewarming?

    The water temperature should not be more than 100° F to 105° F (38° C to 40.5° C). If you do not have a thermometer, test the water with your hand. It should feel warm (about body temperature), not hot.

    Why do I need to avoid rubbing a frostbitten area? Doesn’t that help warm up the area?

    Never rub a frostbitten area because it can cause additional damage to the tissue.

    Why is it important to avoid refreezing once the rewarming process is started?

    Once the rewarming process is started, the tissue cannot be allowed to refreeze because refreezing can lead to tissue necrosis (death).

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    Information Provided the Scientific Advisory Council (SAC)

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